UH 3H
Parameters/Features
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Details/Information
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|---|---|
Aircraft
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UH-3H
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Manufacturer
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Sikorsky Aircraft
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Operational Speed
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166 MPH
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Service Ceiling
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14,700 FT
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Range
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621 Miles
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Wednesday 22 January 2014
UH 3H
KAMOV-31
KAMOV-31
| Parameters/Features | Details/Information |
|---|---|
| Aircraft | KAMOV-31 |
| Manufacturer | KAMOV |
| Operational Speed | 126 MPH |
| Service Ceiling | 11,483 FT |
| Range | 370 Miles |
Chetak
Chetak
| Parameters/Features | Details/Information |
|---|---|
| Aircraft | SA 319 B Chetak (Aloutte III) |
| Manufacturer | Aerospatiale |
| Operational Speed | 115 MPH |
| Service Ceiling | 10500 FT |
| Range | 335 Miles |
UAV Heron
UAV Heron
| Parameters/Features | Details/Information |
|---|---|
| Aircraft | UAV Heron |
| Manufacturer | Israel Aerospace Industries |
| Operational Speed | 130 MPH |
| Service Ceiling | 32,800 FT |
| Range | 217 Mile |
The IAI Heron (Machatz-1) is a medium-altitude long-endurance unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) developed by the Malat (UAV) division ofIsrael Aerospace Industries. It is capable of Medium Altitude Long Endurance (MALE) operations of up to 52 hours' duration at up to 10,5km (35,000 ft). It has demonstrated 52 hours of continuous flight, but the effective operational maximal flight duration is less, due to payload and flight profile. There is a new version, Heron TP, also known as IAI Eitan.
On 11 September 2005, it was announced that the Israel Defense Forces purchased US$50 million worth of Heron systems.[2]
Heron navigates using an internal GPS receiver, and either a pre-programmed flight profile (in which case the system is fully autonomous from takeoff to landing), manual override from a ground control station, or a combination of both. It can autonomously return to base and land in case of lost communication with the ground station. The system has fully automatic launch and recovery (ALR) and all-weather capabilities.
Heron can carry an array of sensors, including infra-red and visible-light surveillance, intelligence systems (COMINT and ELINT) and various radar systems, totaling up to 250 kg (550 lb). Heron is also capable of target acquisition and artillery adjustment.
The payload sensors communicate with the ground control station in real-time, using either direct line of sight data link, or via an airborne/satellite relay. Like the navigation system, the payload can also be used in either a fully pre-programmed autonomous mode, or manual real-time remote operation, or a combination of both.
Operational history[The Heron saw significant use during Operation Cast Lead in Gaza of 2008–2009. During the deployment, each brigade combat team was assigned a UAV squadron for close support. This was the first Israeli operation in which UAVs, helicopters, and fighter jets were allocated to ground forces directly without IAF central command authorizing sorties. Air-support controller teams operated alongside brigade commanders at the front emphasizing the brigade commander's utilization of direct air assets.[3] A high degree of situational awareness was achieved by maintaining at least a dozen UAVs in flight over Gaza at all times. Aerial surveillance was provided by Heron and Hermes 450 UAVs and Apache attack helicopters. Along with coordination between the Air Force and ground troops, Israel ground forces were able to utilize cooperation with the Israel Security Agency by having operatives attached to the forward units. This inter-service coordination allowed for a higher level of tactical awareness and the ability to strike time-critical targets.[4]
Other countries operating the Heron include Singapore, India and Turkey.[5] France operates a derivative of Heron named Eagle or Harfang.[6] In 2008, Canada announced a plan to lease a Heron for use in Afghanistan, starting in 2009.[7] As of mid-2009, Australia is leasing two Herons as part of a multi-million dollar lease to operate the vehicles in Afghanistan.[8] In early July 2013, the Heron reached 15,000 flight hours over Afghanistan.[9]
Kiran HJT 16
Kiran HJT 16
| Parameters/Features | Details/Information |
|---|---|
| Aircraft | Kiran HJT 16 |
| Manufacturer | Hindustan Aeronautics Limited |
| Operational Speed | 432 MPH |
| Service Ceiling | 30,000FT |
The HAL HJT-16 Kiran (Ray of Light) is an Indian two-seat basic jet trainer built by Hindustan Aeronautics. Used by the Indian Air Forcefor intermediate training for pilots trained on the HPT-32 Deepak. It is used by the Indian Air Force aerobatic team Surya Kiran and Indian naval aerobatic team Sagar Pawans.
The Kiran was designed to meet an Indian air force requirement for a basic jet trainer. The first aircraft powered by the Rolls Royce ViperMk 11 was flown for the first time on 4 September 1964.[1] The production aircraft was designated the Kiran I, and first deliveries from a pre-production batch were delivered to the Indian Air Force in March 1968. Later production aircraft were fitted with hardpoints under each wing for weapon training (as the Kiran IA. A total of 190 Mk I and 1A aircraft were built.[1] An improved version powered by a 4,200 lbf (19,000 N) thrust Bristol Siddeley Orpheus engine and improved weapon-carrying capability was designated the Kiran II, first flying on 30 July 1976,[2] and was delivered from 1985, 61 being delivered by the time production ended in 1989.[3] During this period there was a pilot killed during landing - the investigation found that the plane was fitted with 'expired' wheels from Dunlop; the shelf life for them was 20 years, and to no surprise they burst on landing claiming the life of the test pilot.
INS DELHI D 61 15 Nov 1997
INS DELHI D 61 15 Nov 1997
![[IMG]](http://lh4.ggpht.com/-ExerhdoNSB0/UBwYZpudeBI/AAAAAAAAGEc/hz86lX_8JNk/Delhi-Class-Destroyer-INS-Delhi-D61-Indian-Navy-05%25255B3%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800)
The Delhi class destroyers are classified as guided-missile destroyers. The Delhi class vessels are the largest warships to be fully designed and built in India, although they will soon be superseded by the Kolkata class destroyers and the Vikrant class aircraft carrier. These ships have been built at Mazagon Dock Limited in Mumbai.
INS Delhi (D61) is the lead ship of her class of guided-missile destroyers of the Indian Navy. She was built at the Mazagon Dock Limitedin Mumbai and commissioned on 15 November 1997. This class is among the largest warships to be designed and built in India.[2]
INS Delhi is the second vessel of the Indian Navy to bear the name. She inherits the mantle from the Leander class cruiser of the same name, which had an illustrious career in the Portuguese-Indian War of 1961, during the annexation of Goa, Daman and Diu when the ship fired a few rounds against a civilian airport radio tower nearly destroying it.
During May–July 2009, INS Delhi led the Indian Navy task force on deployment to Europe. During this deployment, the task force participated in joint-exercises with the Royal Navy and the French Navy. Exercise Konkan-09 with the Royal Navy, was conducted off the coast of the United Kingdom.[3] Exercise Varuna 2009 with the French Navy was off the coast of France.[4]
INS Delhi (D61) is the lead ship of her class of guided-missile destroyers of the Indian Navy. She was built at the Mazagon Dock Limitedin Mumbai and commissioned on 15 November 1997. This class is among the largest warships to be designed and built in India.[2]
INS Delhi is the second vessel of the Indian Navy to bear the name. She inherits the mantle from the Leander class cruiser of the same name, which had an illustrious career in the Portuguese-Indian War of 1961, during the annexation of Goa, Daman and Diu when the ship fired a few rounds against a civilian airport radio tower nearly destroying it.
During May–July 2009, INS Delhi led the Indian Navy task force on deployment to Europe. During this deployment, the task force participated in joint-exercises with the Royal Navy and the French Navy. Exercise Konkan-09 with the Royal Navy, was conducted off the coast of the United Kingdom.[3] Exercise Varuna 2009 with the French Navy was off the coast of France.[4]
INS Viraat R 22 12 May 1987
INS Viraat R 22 12 May 1987
INS Viraat (R22) in Sanskrit language means 'Giant'. It is a Centaur class Aircraft Carrier. INS Viraat is the flagship of the Indian Navy, the oldest carrier in service and one of two aircraft carriers based in the Indian Ocean Region.Viraat was completed and commissioned in 1959 as the Royal Navy's HMS Hermes and was transferred to India in 1987.
INS Viraat (R22) (Sanskrit, Virāṭa meaning Giant) is a Centaur-class aircraft carrier in service with the Indian Navy. INS Viraat is theflagship of the Indian Navy, the oldest carrier in service and one of three aircraft carriers based in the Indian Ocean Region.
A Sea Harrier takes off from INS Viraat. The Ski-Jump can be seen.
(Capacity for 30 total)
Fleet Defence - Sea Harrier FRS51
Airborne Early Warning - Kamov Ka-31 Helix-B
ASW/ASV - Sea King Mk. 42B and Kamov Ka-28 Helix-A
Commando Assault and Vertical Replenishment - Sea King Mk. 42C
The ship has been fitted with
Italian SELEX (former ELMER) communication suites
CAAIS action data automation; Link 10
SATCOM systems
Viraat was completed and commissioned in 1959 as the Royal Navy's HMS Hermes and was transferred to India in 1987. In 2009 there were reports[4][5] that after that year's refit was concluded, India might keep the aircraft carrier in service until 2020. By then, the warship would have completed 60 years of service, over twice its initially estimated sailing life of 25 years. At that time the two Indigenous Aircraft Carriers (IACs) seemed likely to be fully operational, which was the reason to keep Viraat operational until then, according to unnamed Navy officers.[4] However, the warship's age and cost of maintenance has prompted naval headquarters to consider decommissioningViraat by 2017 or sooner.[1]
INS Viraat was originally commissioned in the British Royal Navy as HMS Hermes on 18 November 1959, fifteen years after she was laid down in June 1944. During her career as Hermes, she served as the flagship of the Royal Navy's task force during the Falkland Islands campaign in 1982. She would serve the Royal Navy another three years until she was decommissioned from active duty in 1985.
After evaluating vessels from several countries, particularly the planned Italian Garibaldi-class,[6] the Indian Navy purchased the vessel in April 1986[7] and gave her an extensive refit at Devonport Dockyard in Plymouth, England, to allow for continued operability into the next decade.[8] New fire control equipment, navigation radars, improved NBC protection, and deck landing aids were installed in this refit. Boilers were converted to operate on distillate fuel.
In September 1993, the engine room of Viraat flooded, putting the vessel out of service for several months. By 1995, the vessel was back in service and had a new search radar.
Between July 1999 and April 2001, INS Viraat completed another life-extension refit which was expected to extend her serviceability until 2010. This refit upgraded propulsion systems, added a package of sensors to sound emergency alerts, and introduced modern communication systems. In addition, a long-range surveillance radar, weapon systems, and a new hangar with fire curtains were installed. The lift system was revamped to reduce reaction time in the event of an attack and a new flood alarm system was installed. In early June 2001 Viraat returned to service after nearly two years of refit.
The vessel also took part in the International Fleet Review in Mumbai in February 2001.
The vessel had to be towed back to dry dock for another refit in mid-2003 and returned to service only in November 2004, during which the vessel was fitted with the Barak SAM.[9][10]
Viraat underwent a fourth refit in Indian service from January to August 2009 at Cochin Shipyard, Kochi,India.[2] This refit was expected to ensure her continued service in the Indian Navy until 2015. Viraat went through exercises in the Arabian Sea for a month and a half before being deployed to the Gulf of Aden.[2][11]
On 12 July 2011 INS Viraat arrived at Cochin Shipyard for a short refit scheduled to be completed in two months. As part of the refit the ship was cleaned, repaired and repainted to eliminate the problems faced by years of sea corrosion. According to Rear Adm. Anil Kumar Chawla, Assistant Chief of Naval Staff for Foreign Cooperation and Intelligence, it is possible that the ship could remain in service until 2020, provided that there are still Sea Harriers available for ship-borne operations[12]
On 2 November 2012, the Viraat arrived in Kochi for the first part of a major two-phase refit. In this first phase, scheduled to last through February 2013, the hull was cleaned, probed for corrosion and worn hull plates reinforced; the hull also received a fresh coat of corrosion-resistant paint.[13] The carrier was then scheduled to sail to Mumbai for further upgrades to her machinery, after which it would rejoin the fleet in the summer of 2013; the refit would enable her to serve through 2016. According to a senior naval officer, this would likely be Viraat's final major refit before her decommissioning.[14]
In 2004, India bought the aircraft carrier Admiral Gorshkov[15] from Russia for US$ 2.35 billion including its complement of aircraft.[16] It entered service in 2013 as INS Vikramaditya. Viraat was expected to be replaced by 2015-16 by a new indigenous Vikrant-class carrier, but since then, she has had her engine and hull refurbished and electronics upgraded, and can now serve until 2020.[17][4] However, the warship's age and cost of maintenance has since prompted naval headquarters to consider decommissioning Viraat by 2017 or sooner.[1]
INS Viraat (R22) (Sanskrit, Virāṭa meaning Giant) is a Centaur-class aircraft carrier in service with the Indian Navy. INS Viraat is theflagship of the Indian Navy, the oldest carrier in service and one of three aircraft carriers based in the Indian Ocean Region.
A Sea Harrier takes off from INS Viraat. The Ski-Jump can be seen.
(Capacity for 30 total)
Fleet Defence - Sea Harrier FRS51
Airborne Early Warning - Kamov Ka-31 Helix-B
ASW/ASV - Sea King Mk. 42B and Kamov Ka-28 Helix-A
Commando Assault and Vertical Replenishment - Sea King Mk. 42C
The ship has been fitted with
Italian SELEX (former ELMER) communication suites
CAAIS action data automation; Link 10
SATCOM systems
Viraat was completed and commissioned in 1959 as the Royal Navy's HMS Hermes and was transferred to India in 1987. In 2009 there were reports[4][5] that after that year's refit was concluded, India might keep the aircraft carrier in service until 2020. By then, the warship would have completed 60 years of service, over twice its initially estimated sailing life of 25 years. At that time the two Indigenous Aircraft Carriers (IACs) seemed likely to be fully operational, which was the reason to keep Viraat operational until then, according to unnamed Navy officers.[4] However, the warship's age and cost of maintenance has prompted naval headquarters to consider decommissioningViraat by 2017 or sooner.[1]
INS Viraat was originally commissioned in the British Royal Navy as HMS Hermes on 18 November 1959, fifteen years after she was laid down in June 1944. During her career as Hermes, she served as the flagship of the Royal Navy's task force during the Falkland Islands campaign in 1982. She would serve the Royal Navy another three years until she was decommissioned from active duty in 1985.
After evaluating vessels from several countries, particularly the planned Italian Garibaldi-class,[6] the Indian Navy purchased the vessel in April 1986[7] and gave her an extensive refit at Devonport Dockyard in Plymouth, England, to allow for continued operability into the next decade.[8] New fire control equipment, navigation radars, improved NBC protection, and deck landing aids were installed in this refit. Boilers were converted to operate on distillate fuel.
In September 1993, the engine room of Viraat flooded, putting the vessel out of service for several months. By 1995, the vessel was back in service and had a new search radar.
Between July 1999 and April 2001, INS Viraat completed another life-extension refit which was expected to extend her serviceability until 2010. This refit upgraded propulsion systems, added a package of sensors to sound emergency alerts, and introduced modern communication systems. In addition, a long-range surveillance radar, weapon systems, and a new hangar with fire curtains were installed. The lift system was revamped to reduce reaction time in the event of an attack and a new flood alarm system was installed. In early June 2001 Viraat returned to service after nearly two years of refit.
The vessel also took part in the International Fleet Review in Mumbai in February 2001.
The vessel had to be towed back to dry dock for another refit in mid-2003 and returned to service only in November 2004, during which the vessel was fitted with the Barak SAM.[9][10]
Viraat underwent a fourth refit in Indian service from January to August 2009 at Cochin Shipyard, Kochi,India.[2] This refit was expected to ensure her continued service in the Indian Navy until 2015. Viraat went through exercises in the Arabian Sea for a month and a half before being deployed to the Gulf of Aden.[2][11]
On 12 July 2011 INS Viraat arrived at Cochin Shipyard for a short refit scheduled to be completed in two months. As part of the refit the ship was cleaned, repaired and repainted to eliminate the problems faced by years of sea corrosion. According to Rear Adm. Anil Kumar Chawla, Assistant Chief of Naval Staff for Foreign Cooperation and Intelligence, it is possible that the ship could remain in service until 2020, provided that there are still Sea Harriers available for ship-borne operations[12]
On 2 November 2012, the Viraat arrived in Kochi for the first part of a major two-phase refit. In this first phase, scheduled to last through February 2013, the hull was cleaned, probed for corrosion and worn hull plates reinforced; the hull also received a fresh coat of corrosion-resistant paint.[13] The carrier was then scheduled to sail to Mumbai for further upgrades to her machinery, after which it would rejoin the fleet in the summer of 2013; the refit would enable her to serve through 2016. According to a senior naval officer, this would likely be Viraat's final major refit before her decommissioning.[14]
In 2004, India bought the aircraft carrier Admiral Gorshkov[15] from Russia for US$ 2.35 billion including its complement of aircraft.[16] It entered service in 2013 as INS Vikramaditya. Viraat was expected to be replaced by 2015-16 by a new indigenous Vikrant-class carrier, but since then, she has had her engine and hull refurbished and electronics upgraded, and can now serve until 2020.[17][4] However, the warship's age and cost of maintenance has since prompted naval headquarters to consider decommissioning Viraat by 2017 or sooner.[1]
INS Vikramaditya R 33 16 Nov 2013
INS Vikramaditya R 33 16 Nov 2013
INS Vikramaditya (R33) (Sanskrit, Vikramāditya meaning "Brave as the Sun"[note 1]) is a Project 11430[4] modified Kiev-class aircraft carrier which entered into service with the Indian Navy in 2013. The ship has been renamed in honour of Vikramaditya, a legendary 1st century BC emperor of Ujjain, India.
Originally built as Baku and commissioned in 1987, the carrier served with the Soviet (until the dissolution of the Soviet Union) andRussian Navies before being decommissioned in 1996 as she was too expensive to operate on a post-Cold War budget.[15][16][17] The carrier was purchased by India on 20 January 2004 after years of negotiations at a final price of $2.35 billion.[2] The ship successfully completed her sea trials in July 2013[18] and aviation trials in September 2013.[19] She was formally commissioned on 16 November 2013 at a ceremony held at Severodvinsk, Russia.[20][21]
Baku entered service in 1987, but was deactivated in 1996 because she was too expensive to operate on a post-Cold War budget. This attracted the attention of India, which was looking for a way to expand its carrier aviation capabilities.[22] On 20 January 2004, after years of negotiations, Russia and India signed a deal for the sale of the ship. The ship was free, while India would pay US$800 million for the upgrade and refit of the ship, as well as an additional US$1 billion for the aircraft and weapons systems. The navy looked at equipping the carrier with the E-2C Hawkeye, but decided not to.[23] In 2009, Northrop Grumman offered the advanced E-2D Hawkeye to the Indian Navy.[24]
Baku in 1988
The deal also included the purchase of 12 single-seat Mikoyan MiG-29K 'Fulcrum-D' (Product 9.41) and four dual-seat MiG-29KUB aircraft (with an option for 14 more aircraft) at US$1 billion, six Kamov Ka-31 "Helix" reconnaissance and anti-submarine helicopters, torpedo tubes, missile systems and artillery units. Facilities and procedures for training pilots and technical staff, delivery of simulators, spare parts, and establishment maintenance on Indian Navy facilities were also part of the contract.
The upgrade plans involved stripping all the weaponry and missile launcher tubes from the ship's foredeck to make way for a Short Take-Off But Assisted Recovery (STOBAR) configuration,[25] this modification converted the Gorshkov from a hybrid carrier/cruiser to a pure carrier.
The announced delivery date for INS Vikramaditya was August 2008, which would allow the carrier to enter service just as the Indian Navy's only light carrier INS Viraat retired. While the Viraat's retirement had been pushed out to 2010–2012,[26] it is undergoing a final refit which will enable her to serve through 2016.[27] The issue with the delays was compounded by the ongoing cost overruns, resulting in high-level diplomatic exchanges to get these issues resolved. India finally agreed to pay an additional US$1.2 billion for the project, more than doubling the original cost.[28] However, ongoing delays with theVikramaditya's delivery schedule, pushed the delivery to 2013. The indigenous Vikrant-class aircraft carrier was delayed by at least a year and was expected to be commissioned at the earliest in 2013 from the proposed 2012.[29]
In July 2008, it was reported that Russia was increasing the total price to US$3.4 billion, blaming unexpected cost overruns on the deteriorated condition of the ship.[30] India has paid US$400 million as of November 2008. However, Russia even threatened to scrap the deal altogether if India did not pay the amount.[31] In December 2008, government sources in India stated that the Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS) had finally decided in favour of purchasing Admiral Gorshkov as the best option available.[32] The Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG) criticised the fact that Vikramaditya would be a second-hand warship with a limited life span, which would be 60% costlier than a new one, and there was a risk of further delay in its delivery.[33]
The conversion plans for the ship have seen all the armament from the foredeck removed, including the P-500 Bazalt cruise missile launchers and the four Antey Kinzhal surface-to-air missile launchers, to make way for a 14.3° bow ski-jump ramp.
The Indian Navy Chief of Naval Staff Admiral Sureesh Mehta defended the price for the warship saying: "I can't comment on the CAG. But you all are defence analysts, can you get me an aircraft carrier for less than USD two billion? If you can, I am going to sign a cheque right now". The statement from the Chief of Naval Staff possibly indicates that the final deal could be in excess of US$2 billion. When asked about CAG's finding that the navy had not done its risk analysis before going in for the ship, he said, "I can ensure you that there is no such thing. There is no question, we have been looking at the ship since the late 90s."[34]
On 2 July 2009, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev said that the carrier should be completed as soon as possible so she could be delivered to India in 2012.[35] On 7 December 2009, Russian sources indicated that final terms had been agreed on, but no delivery date was set.[36] On 8 December 2009, it was reported that India and Russia ended the stalemate over Admiral Gorshkov price deal by agreeing on a price of US$2.2 billion. Moscow was asking for US$2.9 billion for the aircraft carrier, nearly three times the price that was originally agreed between the two sides in 2004. On the other hand, New Delhi wanted the price to be scaled back to US$2.1 billion.[37][38] Both governments finalsed the price of Admiral Gorshkov at US$2.35 billion on 10 March, a day ahead of Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin's two-day visit to India.[2]
In April 2010, a scandal over the project emerged when it was announced that a senior Indian Navy officer had probably been blackmailed to influence the negotiations over the cost of Admiral Gorshkov to India.[39] Commodore Sukhjinder Singh had been a senior figure supervising the refit of the carrier, working as the principal director for the project. He was discharged from service due to this incident.[40]
Construction of the 900 tonne ski-jump in place on Vikramaditya at Sevmash Shipyard in Russia
The hull work was completed by 2008[41] and Vikramaditya was launched on 4 December 2008.[42] Around 99% of the structural work and almost 50% of the cabling work had been completed by June 2010. Almost all of the large equipment, including engines and diesel generators, was installed.[43] A naval MiG-29K prototype aircraft was used to test the deck systems of INS Vikramaditya in 2010.[44]
All reconfiguration work was completed at Severodvinsk, Russia; however it was delayed by three years due to underestimation of the amount of cabling needed.[45] An expert level discussion on technical and financial matters was held between India and Russia to sort out the issues.[46] The MiG-29K entered operational service with India in February 2010. A compromise was finalised and India was to pay an extra undisclosed amount. Russia was to install new systems instead of repairing the old ones.[47]
On 1 June 2010, the Times of India reported a naval officer saying: "With India earlier this year agreeing to the revised refit cost of $2.33 billion for Gorshkov, after three years of bitter wrangling since the earlier agreement inked in January 2004 had earmarked only $974 million for it, Russia has appointed a high-level apex committee to oversee the work on the carrier." The ship was to go for harbour trials by early 2011 to ensure it could be handed over to India by December 2012 or so.[43][48] Dock trials began on 1 March 2011. The focus of these trials was on the main power generation units and the radio-electronic armament systems, manufactured in India.[49][50] Indian Navy personnel began training on INS Vikramaditya in April 2011.[51] On 19 April 2012, it was announced that all internal systems were functioning, and the ship was entirely self-contained. Measurement of the ship's magnetic field and centre of gravity were performed before sea trials began.[52]
The ship will be operated in a STOBAR configuration, with a 14.3° bow ski-jump ramp and three arrestor wires on the stern of the angled deck. This will allow the operation of MiG-29K and Sea Harrier aircraft. The maximum take-off length for the MiG-29K on Vikramaditya will be between 160–180 metres.
Kamov Ka-31 "Helix" are to be based on the INS Vikramaditya in an airborne early warning role.
An added advantage of the Admiral Gorshkov platform is its superstructure profile that has the potential to accommodate powerful planar or phased array radar systems with the "billboard style" antennae, which was first observed on the United States Navy's USS Long Beach, along with extensivecommand and control facilities to conduct an aerial campaign. The ship is also projected to be equipped with a robust combination of air defenceweaponry, such as a SAM and/or a CIWS.[53]
The MiG-29Ks are to be based onVikramaditya
The hull design is based on the earlier Admiral Gorshkov, launched in 1982, but it will be larger with a full load displacement. The conversion plans for the aircraft carrier involved all the armament, including the P-500Bazalt cruise missile launchers and the four Antey Kinzhal surface-to-air missile launchers fitted on the front, to be removed to make way for a 14.3º bow ski-jump. Two restraining stands be fitted, allowing combat aircraft to reach full power before making a ski jump-assisted short take-off. The ability to launch only one aircraft at a time might prove to be a hindrance. Under the modernisation plan, the 20-ton capacity elevator beside the ship's island superstructure will remain unchanged, but the aft lift will be enlarged and its lift capacity increased to 30 tons. Three arresting gears would be fitted on the aft part of the angled deck. Navigation and carrier-landing aids would be refitted to support fixed-wing STOBAR (Short Take-Off But Arrested Recovery) operations including the LAK optical-landing system.[54]
The eight boilers were removed and converted to take diesel fuel utilizing LSHSD instead of furnace fuel oil, each providing a steam capacity of 100 tonnes per hour.[55] Modern oil-water separators as well as a sewage treatment plant are being incorporated to meet international standards. She has six new Italian-made Wärtsilä 1.5 MW diesel generators, a Global Marine communications system, Sperry Bridgemaster navigation radar, a new telephone exchange, new data link and an IFF Mk XI system. She has improved hotel services with new water-producing plants as well as York International refrigeration and air conditioning, and a new galley together with improved domestic services and accommodation for 10 female officers.[54]
The official expected life span of the ship is 40 years, and is unlikely to require any major repair work for at least a decade.[56][57] On completion of the modernisation, over 70% of the ship and her equipment will be new and the remainder will have been refurbished.[54]
INS Vikramaditya in White Sea during Sea trials in 2013
Russia was scheduled to hand over Vikramaditya to India on 4 December 2012,[58] with sea trials scheduled to begin on 29 May 2012.[59] The sea trials in fact began on 8 June. The ship sailed out for pre-delivery trials from the berth of the Sevmash shipyard in Russia's northern city of Severodvinsk. These trials were to include landing and take-off of fighter jets from the deck of the carrier.[60][61][62]
On 17 September 2012, malfunctions were detected during trials. According to official report, seven out of eight steam boilers of the propulsion machinery were out of order. Because of this, the deadline of hand over this ship to Indian Navy was postponed again until October 2013.[63] Later investigation has determined that the cause for the engine failure was due to poor workmanship and supervision.[64]
A Mig-29K on the INS Vikramaditya flight deck
The Gorshkov and other ships of the 1143.4 class had a history of multiple boiler failures,[65] however Russian shipbuilders claimed that the source of the problem was the low-grade Chinese-made firebricks that were used in the boiler insulation instead of asbestos.[66]
On 3 July 2013, Igor Sevastyanov, deputy head of Russia's state arms exporter Rosoboronexport, announced that the warship had departed for sea trials with a mix of Russian and Indian crew.[67] On 28 July 2013, it was reported that Vikramaditya had successfully completed her sea trials and was able to reach her maximum speed of 32 knots. She then proceeded to the White Sea for aviation trials,[18] which were carried out by Russia's Northern Fleet aviation and completed in September 2013.[19][68] Aircraft and helicopters flew around and over the ship to check the performance of its radar, air defence, communication and control systems, and MiG specialists praised the ski-jump ramp.[69]
The sea trials lasted three months, and the ship demonstrated excellent seaworthiness and manoeuvrability. In total, the ship sailed for 19,500 miles during both the trials, and 778 flights were performed from its deck by aircraft and helicopters.[69] During the second sea trial, it sailed for 8,600 miles, of which 1,700 miles were under the command of the ship's Indian captain Commodore Suraj Berry.[70]
The Indian Navy flag is hoisted onVikramaditya as it is commissioned at Sevmash Shipyard in Russia.
When the trials were ongoing, a U.S.-built P-3 Orion aircraft spied on INS Vikramaditya. It flew close to the ship to take photographs, and also droppedsonobuoys to record the ship's acoustic signature. The aircraft then was chased away by Russian Mig-29s. Another attempt to spy was made by a Norwegian ship.[71]
She was formally commissioned on 16 November 2013 at a ceremony held at Severodvinsk, Russia.[20] The ceremony was attended by Indian defence minister A.K. Antony and the Russian deputy prime minister Dmitry Rogozin. The ship is expected to begin patrolling the Indian ocean by early 2014.[72]
Vikramaditya being escorted by INSViraat and other ships of the Western Fleet in the Arabian Sea.
After commissioning, the carrier began a continuous 26-day journey of 10,212 nautical miles to its homeport at INS Kadamba, Karwar, fromSeverodvinsk on 27 November 2013, with a short stopover in Lisbon.[13][73] It is under the command of Commodore Suraj Berry, who is her first Indian captain.[69] Apart from her Indian crew, she also carried 177 Russian specialists from Sevmash, who will remain on board for one year, as part of the 20-year post-warranty services contract with the shipyard. During the journey, it encountered a storm in the Barents Sea and finally dropped anchor inKola Bay, off the port of Murmansk on 1 December, which is 215 nautical miles away from Severodvinsk. Here, she linked up with her escorts, frigateINS Trikand and fleet tanker INS Deepak, was refueled and left the port on 8 December.[74] The group was escorted by HMS Monmouth of the Royal Navy while passing through the English Channel,[75] and was joined by destroyer INS Delhi near Gibraltar.[13]
The flotilla sailed in the Mediterranean sea, crossed the Suez Canal, and then the Red Sea.[70][76] On 1 January 2014, she entered the Arabian Seanear the Gulf of Aden, and was received nearly 1,200 nautical miles (2,200 km) away from Indian shores by a flotilla from the Indian Navy's Western fleet, led by the fleet commander Rear Admiral Anil Chawla.[77] The flotilla was composed of the aircraft carrier INS Viraat, two Delhi-class destroyersincluding INS Mumbai, three Talwar-class frigates INS Teg, INS Talwar and INS Trikand, a Godavari-class frigate INS Godavari, and a couple of offshore patrol vessels including INS Subhadra.[13]The event was significant as the Indian Navy was operating two aircraft carriers simultaneously for the first time in 20 years.[78] After conducting basic sea exercises with the fleet,[79]Vikramaditya reached Karwar on 7 January 2014, and is expected to take at least four months to integrate into the fleet.[80][81][82]
INS Vikramaditya (R33) (Sanskrit, Vikramāditya meaning "Brave as the Sun"[note 1]) is a Project 11430[4] modified Kiev-class aircraft carrier which entered into service with the Indian Navy in 2013. The ship has been renamed in honour of Vikramaditya, a legendary 1st century BC emperor of Ujjain, India.
Originally built as Baku and commissioned in 1987, the carrier served with the Soviet (until the dissolution of the Soviet Union) andRussian Navies before being decommissioned in 1996 as she was too expensive to operate on a post-Cold War budget.[15][16][17] The carrier was purchased by India on 20 January 2004 after years of negotiations at a final price of $2.35 billion.[2] The ship successfully completed her sea trials in July 2013[18] and aviation trials in September 2013.[19] She was formally commissioned on 16 November 2013 at a ceremony held at Severodvinsk, Russia.[20][21]
Baku entered service in 1987, but was deactivated in 1996 because she was too expensive to operate on a post-Cold War budget. This attracted the attention of India, which was looking for a way to expand its carrier aviation capabilities.[22] On 20 January 2004, after years of negotiations, Russia and India signed a deal for the sale of the ship. The ship was free, while India would pay US$800 million for the upgrade and refit of the ship, as well as an additional US$1 billion for the aircraft and weapons systems. The navy looked at equipping the carrier with the E-2C Hawkeye, but decided not to.[23] In 2009, Northrop Grumman offered the advanced E-2D Hawkeye to the Indian Navy.[24]
Baku in 1988
The deal also included the purchase of 12 single-seat Mikoyan MiG-29K 'Fulcrum-D' (Product 9.41) and four dual-seat MiG-29KUB aircraft (with an option for 14 more aircraft) at US$1 billion, six Kamov Ka-31 "Helix" reconnaissance and anti-submarine helicopters, torpedo tubes, missile systems and artillery units. Facilities and procedures for training pilots and technical staff, delivery of simulators, spare parts, and establishment maintenance on Indian Navy facilities were also part of the contract.
The upgrade plans involved stripping all the weaponry and missile launcher tubes from the ship's foredeck to make way for a Short Take-Off But Assisted Recovery (STOBAR) configuration,[25] this modification converted the Gorshkov from a hybrid carrier/cruiser to a pure carrier.
The announced delivery date for INS Vikramaditya was August 2008, which would allow the carrier to enter service just as the Indian Navy's only light carrier INS Viraat retired. While the Viraat's retirement had been pushed out to 2010–2012,[26] it is undergoing a final refit which will enable her to serve through 2016.[27] The issue with the delays was compounded by the ongoing cost overruns, resulting in high-level diplomatic exchanges to get these issues resolved. India finally agreed to pay an additional US$1.2 billion for the project, more than doubling the original cost.[28] However, ongoing delays with theVikramaditya's delivery schedule, pushed the delivery to 2013. The indigenous Vikrant-class aircraft carrier was delayed by at least a year and was expected to be commissioned at the earliest in 2013 from the proposed 2012.[29]
In July 2008, it was reported that Russia was increasing the total price to US$3.4 billion, blaming unexpected cost overruns on the deteriorated condition of the ship.[30] India has paid US$400 million as of November 2008. However, Russia even threatened to scrap the deal altogether if India did not pay the amount.[31] In December 2008, government sources in India stated that the Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS) had finally decided in favour of purchasing Admiral Gorshkov as the best option available.[32] The Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG) criticised the fact that Vikramaditya would be a second-hand warship with a limited life span, which would be 60% costlier than a new one, and there was a risk of further delay in its delivery.[33]
The conversion plans for the ship have seen all the armament from the foredeck removed, including the P-500 Bazalt cruise missile launchers and the four Antey Kinzhal surface-to-air missile launchers, to make way for a 14.3° bow ski-jump ramp.
The Indian Navy Chief of Naval Staff Admiral Sureesh Mehta defended the price for the warship saying: "I can't comment on the CAG. But you all are defence analysts, can you get me an aircraft carrier for less than USD two billion? If you can, I am going to sign a cheque right now". The statement from the Chief of Naval Staff possibly indicates that the final deal could be in excess of US$2 billion. When asked about CAG's finding that the navy had not done its risk analysis before going in for the ship, he said, "I can ensure you that there is no such thing. There is no question, we have been looking at the ship since the late 90s."[34]
On 2 July 2009, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev said that the carrier should be completed as soon as possible so she could be delivered to India in 2012.[35] On 7 December 2009, Russian sources indicated that final terms had been agreed on, but no delivery date was set.[36] On 8 December 2009, it was reported that India and Russia ended the stalemate over Admiral Gorshkov price deal by agreeing on a price of US$2.2 billion. Moscow was asking for US$2.9 billion for the aircraft carrier, nearly three times the price that was originally agreed between the two sides in 2004. On the other hand, New Delhi wanted the price to be scaled back to US$2.1 billion.[37][38] Both governments finalsed the price of Admiral Gorshkov at US$2.35 billion on 10 March, a day ahead of Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin's two-day visit to India.[2]
In April 2010, a scandal over the project emerged when it was announced that a senior Indian Navy officer had probably been blackmailed to influence the negotiations over the cost of Admiral Gorshkov to India.[39] Commodore Sukhjinder Singh had been a senior figure supervising the refit of the carrier, working as the principal director for the project. He was discharged from service due to this incident.[40]
Construction of the 900 tonne ski-jump in place on Vikramaditya at Sevmash Shipyard in Russia
The hull work was completed by 2008[41] and Vikramaditya was launched on 4 December 2008.[42] Around 99% of the structural work and almost 50% of the cabling work had been completed by June 2010. Almost all of the large equipment, including engines and diesel generators, was installed.[43] A naval MiG-29K prototype aircraft was used to test the deck systems of INS Vikramaditya in 2010.[44]
All reconfiguration work was completed at Severodvinsk, Russia; however it was delayed by three years due to underestimation of the amount of cabling needed.[45] An expert level discussion on technical and financial matters was held between India and Russia to sort out the issues.[46] The MiG-29K entered operational service with India in February 2010. A compromise was finalised and India was to pay an extra undisclosed amount. Russia was to install new systems instead of repairing the old ones.[47]
On 1 June 2010, the Times of India reported a naval officer saying: "With India earlier this year agreeing to the revised refit cost of $2.33 billion for Gorshkov, after three years of bitter wrangling since the earlier agreement inked in January 2004 had earmarked only $974 million for it, Russia has appointed a high-level apex committee to oversee the work on the carrier." The ship was to go for harbour trials by early 2011 to ensure it could be handed over to India by December 2012 or so.[43][48] Dock trials began on 1 March 2011. The focus of these trials was on the main power generation units and the radio-electronic armament systems, manufactured in India.[49][50] Indian Navy personnel began training on INS Vikramaditya in April 2011.[51] On 19 April 2012, it was announced that all internal systems were functioning, and the ship was entirely self-contained. Measurement of the ship's magnetic field and centre of gravity were performed before sea trials began.[52]
The ship will be operated in a STOBAR configuration, with a 14.3° bow ski-jump ramp and three arrestor wires on the stern of the angled deck. This will allow the operation of MiG-29K and Sea Harrier aircraft. The maximum take-off length for the MiG-29K on Vikramaditya will be between 160–180 metres.
Kamov Ka-31 "Helix" are to be based on the INS Vikramaditya in an airborne early warning role.
An added advantage of the Admiral Gorshkov platform is its superstructure profile that has the potential to accommodate powerful planar or phased array radar systems with the "billboard style" antennae, which was first observed on the United States Navy's USS Long Beach, along with extensivecommand and control facilities to conduct an aerial campaign. The ship is also projected to be equipped with a robust combination of air defenceweaponry, such as a SAM and/or a CIWS.[53]
The MiG-29Ks are to be based onVikramaditya
The hull design is based on the earlier Admiral Gorshkov, launched in 1982, but it will be larger with a full load displacement. The conversion plans for the aircraft carrier involved all the armament, including the P-500Bazalt cruise missile launchers and the four Antey Kinzhal surface-to-air missile launchers fitted on the front, to be removed to make way for a 14.3º bow ski-jump. Two restraining stands be fitted, allowing combat aircraft to reach full power before making a ski jump-assisted short take-off. The ability to launch only one aircraft at a time might prove to be a hindrance. Under the modernisation plan, the 20-ton capacity elevator beside the ship's island superstructure will remain unchanged, but the aft lift will be enlarged and its lift capacity increased to 30 tons. Three arresting gears would be fitted on the aft part of the angled deck. Navigation and carrier-landing aids would be refitted to support fixed-wing STOBAR (Short Take-Off But Arrested Recovery) operations including the LAK optical-landing system.[54]
The eight boilers were removed and converted to take diesel fuel utilizing LSHSD instead of furnace fuel oil, each providing a steam capacity of 100 tonnes per hour.[55] Modern oil-water separators as well as a sewage treatment plant are being incorporated to meet international standards. She has six new Italian-made Wärtsilä 1.5 MW diesel generators, a Global Marine communications system, Sperry Bridgemaster navigation radar, a new telephone exchange, new data link and an IFF Mk XI system. She has improved hotel services with new water-producing plants as well as York International refrigeration and air conditioning, and a new galley together with improved domestic services and accommodation for 10 female officers.[54]
The official expected life span of the ship is 40 years, and is unlikely to require any major repair work for at least a decade.[56][57] On completion of the modernisation, over 70% of the ship and her equipment will be new and the remainder will have been refurbished.[54]
INS Vikramaditya in White Sea during Sea trials in 2013
Russia was scheduled to hand over Vikramaditya to India on 4 December 2012,[58] with sea trials scheduled to begin on 29 May 2012.[59] The sea trials in fact began on 8 June. The ship sailed out for pre-delivery trials from the berth of the Sevmash shipyard in Russia's northern city of Severodvinsk. These trials were to include landing and take-off of fighter jets from the deck of the carrier.[60][61][62]
On 17 September 2012, malfunctions were detected during trials. According to official report, seven out of eight steam boilers of the propulsion machinery were out of order. Because of this, the deadline of hand over this ship to Indian Navy was postponed again until October 2013.[63] Later investigation has determined that the cause for the engine failure was due to poor workmanship and supervision.[64]
A Mig-29K on the INS Vikramaditya flight deck
The Gorshkov and other ships of the 1143.4 class had a history of multiple boiler failures,[65] however Russian shipbuilders claimed that the source of the problem was the low-grade Chinese-made firebricks that were used in the boiler insulation instead of asbestos.[66]
On 3 July 2013, Igor Sevastyanov, deputy head of Russia's state arms exporter Rosoboronexport, announced that the warship had departed for sea trials with a mix of Russian and Indian crew.[67] On 28 July 2013, it was reported that Vikramaditya had successfully completed her sea trials and was able to reach her maximum speed of 32 knots. She then proceeded to the White Sea for aviation trials,[18] which were carried out by Russia's Northern Fleet aviation and completed in September 2013.[19][68] Aircraft and helicopters flew around and over the ship to check the performance of its radar, air defence, communication and control systems, and MiG specialists praised the ski-jump ramp.[69]
The sea trials lasted three months, and the ship demonstrated excellent seaworthiness and manoeuvrability. In total, the ship sailed for 19,500 miles during both the trials, and 778 flights were performed from its deck by aircraft and helicopters.[69] During the second sea trial, it sailed for 8,600 miles, of which 1,700 miles were under the command of the ship's Indian captain Commodore Suraj Berry.[70]
The Indian Navy flag is hoisted onVikramaditya as it is commissioned at Sevmash Shipyard in Russia.
When the trials were ongoing, a U.S.-built P-3 Orion aircraft spied on INS Vikramaditya. It flew close to the ship to take photographs, and also droppedsonobuoys to record the ship's acoustic signature. The aircraft then was chased away by Russian Mig-29s. Another attempt to spy was made by a Norwegian ship.[71]
She was formally commissioned on 16 November 2013 at a ceremony held at Severodvinsk, Russia.[20] The ceremony was attended by Indian defence minister A.K. Antony and the Russian deputy prime minister Dmitry Rogozin. The ship is expected to begin patrolling the Indian ocean by early 2014.[72]
Vikramaditya being escorted by INSViraat and other ships of the Western Fleet in the Arabian Sea.
After commissioning, the carrier began a continuous 26-day journey of 10,212 nautical miles to its homeport at INS Kadamba, Karwar, fromSeverodvinsk on 27 November 2013, with a short stopover in Lisbon.[13][73] It is under the command of Commodore Suraj Berry, who is her first Indian captain.[69] Apart from her Indian crew, she also carried 177 Russian specialists from Sevmash, who will remain on board for one year, as part of the 20-year post-warranty services contract with the shipyard. During the journey, it encountered a storm in the Barents Sea and finally dropped anchor inKola Bay, off the port of Murmansk on 1 December, which is 215 nautical miles away from Severodvinsk. Here, she linked up with her escorts, frigateINS Trikand and fleet tanker INS Deepak, was refueled and left the port on 8 December.[74] The group was escorted by HMS Monmouth of the Royal Navy while passing through the English Channel,[75] and was joined by destroyer INS Delhi near Gibraltar.[13]
The flotilla sailed in the Mediterranean sea, crossed the Suez Canal, and then the Red Sea.[70][76] On 1 January 2014, she entered the Arabian Seanear the Gulf of Aden, and was received nearly 1,200 nautical miles (2,200 km) away from Indian shores by a flotilla from the Indian Navy's Western fleet, led by the fleet commander Rear Admiral Anil Chawla.[77] The flotilla was composed of the aircraft carrier INS Viraat, two Delhi-class destroyersincluding INS Mumbai, three Talwar-class frigates INS Teg, INS Talwar and INS Trikand, a Godavari-class frigate INS Godavari, and a couple of offshore patrol vessels including INS Subhadra.[13]The event was significant as the Indian Navy was operating two aircraft carriers simultaneously for the first time in 20 years.[78] After conducting basic sea exercises with the fleet,[79]Vikramaditya reached Karwar on 7 January 2014, and is expected to take at least four months to integrate into the fleet.[80][81][82]
INS Talwar F 40 18 Jun 2003
INS Talwar F 40 18 Jun 2003
The Talwar class of frigates of Indian Navy have been built in Russia under an Indo-Russian joint production. The Talwar class guided missile frigates are modified Krivak III class frigates from Russia. The Talwar Class has a displacement of 4,000 tons and speed of 30 knots and is capable of accomplishing a wide variety of naval missions, primarily, finding and eliminating enemy submarines and large surface ships. Due to the use of stealth technologies and a special hull design, the resulting frigate features reduced radar cross section (RCS) as well as electromagnetic, acoustic and infrared signatures.
INS Talwar (F40) is the lead ship of the Talwar class frigates of the Indian Navy. Its name means "Sword" in Hindi (see Talwar). She was built in Russia, and commissioned into the Indian Navy in 2003.
The Talwar is a multirole stealth frigate and has participated in various operations and exercises since her commissioning, including anti-piracy operations off the coast of Somalia.
Talwar is the lead ship of her class of frigates. The Talwar class guided missile frigates are modified Krivak III class frigates built by Russia. These ships use stealth technologies and a special hull design to ensure a reduced radar cross section. Much of the equipment on the ship is Russian-made, but a significant number of systems of Indian origin have also been incorporated.Main article: Talwar class frigate
The Talwar was built by the Baltiyskiy shipyard. She was launched in May 2000. Delivery to the Indian Navy was scheduled for May 2002 after running, state and acceptance trials. Sea trials were completed in the Baltic Sea on 29 May 2002. Acceptance trials revealed a number of defects which needed to be rectified. The Talwar was finally handed over to the Indian Navy in St. Petersburg in a formal commissioning ceremony on 18 June 2003, after all problems were identified and remedied. INS Talwar arrived home at Mumbai's Naval Dockyard on 12 August 2003, after a long journey from St. Petersburg.[1]
Acceptance trials, carried out during June 2002, revealed several defects in the underwater hull and in the weapon systems including missiles. The Delivery Acceptance Team (DAT) appointed by the Indian defence ministry, recommended commissioning of the ship only after proving all weapon systems. According to media reports, the Shtil-1 SAM system, an export version of the SA-N-12 "Grizzly", had been unable to hit any airborne targets during trial firings. This was due to integration problems between the combat management and weapons systems. This resulted in the Indian Navy not taking delivery of the vessel. In July 2002, Government of Russia appointed an Inter-Departmental Committee (IDC) for analysis of all problems connected with the delivery acceptance of missiles.[1]
The Indian defence ministry sanctioned the expatriation of a crew of 28 officers and 225 sailors to Russia from 11 April to 10 June 2003 for the commissioning of the ship. The ship was finally commissioned on 18 June 2003. This needed extension of deputation of the crew by 35 to 38 days. The expenditure of Rs 6.24 crore on the crew from 11 April 2003 to 18 June 2003 was avoidable as training was already completed in July 2002.[1]
INS Talwar has been deployed around the Indian Ocean, making friendly visits at various ports.[2] She has also participated in various exercises including Malabar 2008 with the US Navy,[3] and with the French Navy.[2]
In May 2006, the INS Talwar accidentally dropped its anchor on its own anti-submarine sonar dome and had to be rushed for repairs to restore its anti-submarine capabilities.[4]
On 28 May 2009, INS Talwar, while escorting three merchant vessels - Maud, Southern Independence and Aramis. At around 10.20 GMT, while about 225 nautical miles (417 km) east of Aden, she received a distress signal from Maud about a skiff with eight armed persons on board approaching it at very high speed. The frigate immediately dispatched its Chetak helicopter armed with 7.62mm light machine guns which spotted pirates scrambling up a ladder hooked to MV Maud. The helicopter fired on the two pirates on the ladder and they fell into the sea. Simultaneously, the frigate sent its naval commandos on Prahar high-speed inflatables to intercept the skiff. Six pirates were disarmed and their cache of Kalashnikov assault rifles, Katyushka rockets, a rocket launcher, flares and mobile phones were seized. Since the freighters were still in dangerous waters and needed escort, the frigate left the disarmed pirates to drift on the high seas after emptying their skiff's fuel tank and disabling it. The pirates were later arrested by warships from the global task force in a follow-up action.[5]
INS Talwar (F40) is the lead ship of the Talwar class frigates of the Indian Navy. Its name means "Sword" in Hindi (see Talwar). She was built in Russia, and commissioned into the Indian Navy in 2003.
The Talwar is a multirole stealth frigate and has participated in various operations and exercises since her commissioning, including anti-piracy operations off the coast of Somalia.
Talwar is the lead ship of her class of frigates. The Talwar class guided missile frigates are modified Krivak III class frigates built by Russia. These ships use stealth technologies and a special hull design to ensure a reduced radar cross section. Much of the equipment on the ship is Russian-made, but a significant number of systems of Indian origin have also been incorporated.Main article: Talwar class frigate
The Talwar was built by the Baltiyskiy shipyard. She was launched in May 2000. Delivery to the Indian Navy was scheduled for May 2002 after running, state and acceptance trials. Sea trials were completed in the Baltic Sea on 29 May 2002. Acceptance trials revealed a number of defects which needed to be rectified. The Talwar was finally handed over to the Indian Navy in St. Petersburg in a formal commissioning ceremony on 18 June 2003, after all problems were identified and remedied. INS Talwar arrived home at Mumbai's Naval Dockyard on 12 August 2003, after a long journey from St. Petersburg.[1]
Acceptance trials, carried out during June 2002, revealed several defects in the underwater hull and in the weapon systems including missiles. The Delivery Acceptance Team (DAT) appointed by the Indian defence ministry, recommended commissioning of the ship only after proving all weapon systems. According to media reports, the Shtil-1 SAM system, an export version of the SA-N-12 "Grizzly", had been unable to hit any airborne targets during trial firings. This was due to integration problems between the combat management and weapons systems. This resulted in the Indian Navy not taking delivery of the vessel. In July 2002, Government of Russia appointed an Inter-Departmental Committee (IDC) for analysis of all problems connected with the delivery acceptance of missiles.[1]
The Indian defence ministry sanctioned the expatriation of a crew of 28 officers and 225 sailors to Russia from 11 April to 10 June 2003 for the commissioning of the ship. The ship was finally commissioned on 18 June 2003. This needed extension of deputation of the crew by 35 to 38 days. The expenditure of Rs 6.24 crore on the crew from 11 April 2003 to 18 June 2003 was avoidable as training was already completed in July 2002.[1]
INS Talwar has been deployed around the Indian Ocean, making friendly visits at various ports.[2] She has also participated in various exercises including Malabar 2008 with the US Navy,[3] and with the French Navy.[2]
In May 2006, the INS Talwar accidentally dropped its anchor on its own anti-submarine sonar dome and had to be rushed for repairs to restore its anti-submarine capabilities.[4]
On 28 May 2009, INS Talwar, while escorting three merchant vessels - Maud, Southern Independence and Aramis. At around 10.20 GMT, while about 225 nautical miles (417 km) east of Aden, she received a distress signal from Maud about a skiff with eight armed persons on board approaching it at very high speed. The frigate immediately dispatched its Chetak helicopter armed with 7.62mm light machine guns which spotted pirates scrambling up a ladder hooked to MV Maud. The helicopter fired on the two pirates on the ladder and they fell into the sea. Simultaneously, the frigate sent its naval commandos on Prahar high-speed inflatables to intercept the skiff. Six pirates were disarmed and their cache of Kalashnikov assault rifles, Katyushka rockets, a rocket launcher, flares and mobile phones were seized. Since the freighters were still in dangerous waters and needed escort, the frigate left the disarmed pirates to drift on the high seas after emptying their skiff's fuel tank and disabling it. The pirates were later arrested by warships from the global task force in a follow-up action.[5]
INS Shivalik F 47 29 Apr 2010
These are the multi-role frigates and are the first-of-its kind warships built in India incorporating stealth features. The ships of this class have been built by Mazagon Dock Limited, Mumbai. The category- classification is named after the Indian Mountain Ranges by the name of 'Shivalik Hills'.
INS Shivalik (F47) is the lead ship of her class of stealth multi-role frigates built for the Indian Navy. She is the first stealth warship built by India.[4] She was built at the Mazagon Dock Limited (MDL) located in Mumbai. Construction of the vessel began in 2001 and was completed by 2009. She underwent sea trials from thereon before being commissioned on 29 April 2010.[5][6]
INS Shivalik features improved stealth and land attacking features over the preceding Talwar-class frigates. She is also the first Indian navy ship to use the CODOG propulsion system.[7]
The Shivalik-class frigates were conceived as part of the Indian Navy's Project 17, which set down the requirements for a class of stealthy frigates to be designed and built in India.[8][9] The Directorate of Naval Design (DND)'s design specifications for the Shivalik class called for "5000 ton stealth frigates (Project 17) incorporating advanced signature suppression and signature management features".[10] The first three units were formally ordered by the Indian Navy in early 1999.[11]
INS Shivalik has a length of 142.5 m (468 ft) overall, a beam of 16.9 m (55 ft) and a draft of 4.5 m (15 ft). The ships displaces about 4,900 tonnes (4,800 long tons; 5,400 short tons) at normal load and 6,200 tonnes (6,100 long tons; 6,800 short tons) at full load. The complement is about 257, including 37 officers[7]
The ship uses two Pielstick 16 PA6 STC Diesel engines and two GE LM2500+ boost turbines in CODOG configuration providing a total of 47,370 shp (35,320 kW) of power. This allows the ship to reach a maximum speed of 32 knots (59 km/h; 37 mph).[7]
INS Shivalik is equipped with a wide range of electronics and sensors. These include:
1 × MR-760 Fregat M2EM 3-D radar
4 × MR-90 Orekh radars
1 × Elta EL/M-2238 STAR
2 × Elta EL/M-2221 STGR
1 ×BEL APARNA
In addition, it uses HUMSA (hull-mounted sonar array), ATAS/Thales Sintra towed array systems and the BEL Ajanta Electronic Warfaresuite.[7]
INS Shivalik is equipped with a mix of Russian, Indian and Western weapon systems. These include the 3.0-inch Otobreda naval gun,Klub and BrahMos supersonic anti-ship missiles, Shtil-1 anti-aircraft missiles, RBU-6000 anti-submarine rocket launchers and DTA-53-956 torpedo launchers. A 32 cell VLS launched Barak SAM and AK-630 act as Close-in weapon systems(CIWS). The ship also carries two HAL Dhruv or Sea King Mk. 42B helicopters.[7]
In 2012, INS Shivalik was deployed in the North West Pacific for JIMEX 2012 (Japan-India Maritime Exercise) with a four-ship group which included INS Rana, a Rajput-class guided missile destroyer, INS Shakti, a Deepak-class fleet tanker, and INS Karmuk, a Kora-class corvette and took part in India's first bi-lateral maritime exercise with Japan. The Japanese Maritime Self Defence Force (JMSDF) was represented by two destroyers, one maritime patrol aircraft and a helicopter.[13]
The four ships entered Tokyo on 5 June 2012 after visiting Singapore, Vietnam, Philippines and Republic of Korea. They stayed in Tokyo for three days. This visit coincided with commemoration of 60 years of diplomatic relations between India and Japan. Vice Admiral Anil Chopra, Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Eastern Naval Command, also visited Tokyo to witness the first JIMEX.[14][15][16]
After the deployment in the north Pacific, the battle group was deployed in the South China Sea.[17][18] As part of India's Look Eastpolicy, the ships visited the Shanghai port on 13 June 2012, for a five-day goodwill tour.[15][19] INS Shakti served as the fuel and logistics tanker to the three destroyers. The ships left the port on 17 June 2012.[20] Before leaving the port, the ships conducted a routine passage exercise with the People's Liberation Army Navy.[21][22][23]
After the visits to Singapore, Vietnam, Philippines, Japan, South Korea and China, the ships visited Port Klang, Malaysia. This was the battle group's last port call during its two-month-long deployment, which had started in May 2012. After this she returned to the Eastern Fleet of the Indian Navy and since has been docked there.[14][24][25]
INS Shivalik (F47) is the lead ship of her class of stealth multi-role frigates built for the Indian Navy. She is the first stealth warship built by India.[4] She was built at the Mazagon Dock Limited (MDL) located in Mumbai. Construction of the vessel began in 2001 and was completed by 2009. She underwent sea trials from thereon before being commissioned on 29 April 2010.[5][6]
INS Shivalik features improved stealth and land attacking features over the preceding Talwar-class frigates. She is also the first Indian navy ship to use the CODOG propulsion system.[7]
The Shivalik-class frigates were conceived as part of the Indian Navy's Project 17, which set down the requirements for a class of stealthy frigates to be designed and built in India.[8][9] The Directorate of Naval Design (DND)'s design specifications for the Shivalik class called for "5000 ton stealth frigates (Project 17) incorporating advanced signature suppression and signature management features".[10] The first three units were formally ordered by the Indian Navy in early 1999.[11]
INS Shivalik has a length of 142.5 m (468 ft) overall, a beam of 16.9 m (55 ft) and a draft of 4.5 m (15 ft). The ships displaces about 4,900 tonnes (4,800 long tons; 5,400 short tons) at normal load and 6,200 tonnes (6,100 long tons; 6,800 short tons) at full load. The complement is about 257, including 37 officers[7]
The ship uses two Pielstick 16 PA6 STC Diesel engines and two GE LM2500+ boost turbines in CODOG configuration providing a total of 47,370 shp (35,320 kW) of power. This allows the ship to reach a maximum speed of 32 knots (59 km/h; 37 mph).[7]
INS Shivalik is equipped with a wide range of electronics and sensors. These include:
1 × MR-760 Fregat M2EM 3-D radar
4 × MR-90 Orekh radars
1 × Elta EL/M-2238 STAR
2 × Elta EL/M-2221 STGR
1 ×BEL APARNA
In addition, it uses HUMSA (hull-mounted sonar array), ATAS/Thales Sintra towed array systems and the BEL Ajanta Electronic Warfaresuite.[7]
INS Shivalik is equipped with a mix of Russian, Indian and Western weapon systems. These include the 3.0-inch Otobreda naval gun,Klub and BrahMos supersonic anti-ship missiles, Shtil-1 anti-aircraft missiles, RBU-6000 anti-submarine rocket launchers and DTA-53-956 torpedo launchers. A 32 cell VLS launched Barak SAM and AK-630 act as Close-in weapon systems(CIWS). The ship also carries two HAL Dhruv or Sea King Mk. 42B helicopters.[7]
In 2012, INS Shivalik was deployed in the North West Pacific for JIMEX 2012 (Japan-India Maritime Exercise) with a four-ship group which included INS Rana, a Rajput-class guided missile destroyer, INS Shakti, a Deepak-class fleet tanker, and INS Karmuk, a Kora-class corvette and took part in India's first bi-lateral maritime exercise with Japan. The Japanese Maritime Self Defence Force (JMSDF) was represented by two destroyers, one maritime patrol aircraft and a helicopter.[13]
The four ships entered Tokyo on 5 June 2012 after visiting Singapore, Vietnam, Philippines and Republic of Korea. They stayed in Tokyo for three days. This visit coincided with commemoration of 60 years of diplomatic relations between India and Japan. Vice Admiral Anil Chopra, Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Eastern Naval Command, also visited Tokyo to witness the first JIMEX.[14][15][16]
After the deployment in the north Pacific, the battle group was deployed in the South China Sea.[17][18] As part of India's Look Eastpolicy, the ships visited the Shanghai port on 13 June 2012, for a five-day goodwill tour.[15][19] INS Shakti served as the fuel and logistics tanker to the three destroyers. The ships left the port on 17 June 2012.[20] Before leaving the port, the ships conducted a routine passage exercise with the People's Liberation Army Navy.[21][22][23]
After the visits to Singapore, Vietnam, Philippines, Japan, South Korea and China, the ships visited Port Klang, Malaysia. This was the battle group's last port call during its two-month-long deployment, which had started in May 2012. After this she returned to the Eastern Fleet of the Indian Navy and since has been docked there.[14][24][25]
INS Godavari F 20 10 Dec 1983
The Godavari class frigates are the guided-missile frigates. The Godavari class was the first significant indigenous warship design and development initiative of the Indian Navy. Its design is a modification of the Nilgiri class frigate with a focus on indigenous content, a larger hull and updated armaments.The class and the lead ship, INS Godavari are named after the Godavari River. Subsequent ships in the class, INS Ganga and INS Gomati also take their names from Indian rivers.INS Gomati was the first Indian Navy vessel to have digital electronics in her combat data system.
INS Godavari (F20) is the lead ship of her class of guided-missile frigates of the Indian Navy. Built by Mazagon Dock Limited in Mumbai, she was commissioned on 10 December 1983.
In 1988, following an attempted coup d'état against Maldivian President Maumoon Abdul Gayoom by Sri Lankan mercenaries, India launched Operation Cactus to restore the democratically elected government. After Indian paratroopers restored the presidency, the mercenaries captured Maldivian hostages on board a freighter and fled towards Sri Lanka. INS Godavari and INS Betwa (F39) successfully intercepted the freighter, rescued the hostages and arrested the mercenaries off the Sri Lankan coast.[1]
While the UN Security Council Resolution 954, extended the UN mandate for UNOSOM II in Somalia to March 1995, the United States and other NATO members of the mission abandoned the peacekeeping effort and withdrew from Somalia over a year earlier. As the mission approached its scheduled end, the situation on the ground continued to deteriorate. With no other international support forthcoming, INS Godavari along with INS Ganga and INS Shakti were deployed to Mogadishu in December 1994 to support the withdrawal of the Indian Army's 66 Brigade, including the 2nd Battalion, Jammu & Kashmir
Pakistan Naval Ship Babur brushed with INS Godavari in June 2011 while escorting Egyptian ship MV Suez. This incident triggered a diplomatic row between India and Pakistan.[3]
INS Godavari (F20) is the lead ship of her class of guided-missile frigates of the Indian Navy. Built by Mazagon Dock Limited in Mumbai, she was commissioned on 10 December 1983.
In 1988, following an attempted coup d'état against Maldivian President Maumoon Abdul Gayoom by Sri Lankan mercenaries, India launched Operation Cactus to restore the democratically elected government. After Indian paratroopers restored the presidency, the mercenaries captured Maldivian hostages on board a freighter and fled towards Sri Lanka. INS Godavari and INS Betwa (F39) successfully intercepted the freighter, rescued the hostages and arrested the mercenaries off the Sri Lankan coast.[1]
While the UN Security Council Resolution 954, extended the UN mandate for UNOSOM II in Somalia to March 1995, the United States and other NATO members of the mission abandoned the peacekeeping effort and withdrew from Somalia over a year earlier. As the mission approached its scheduled end, the situation on the ground continued to deteriorate. With no other international support forthcoming, INS Godavari along with INS Ganga and INS Shakti were deployed to Mogadishu in December 1994 to support the withdrawal of the Indian Army's 66 Brigade, including the 2nd Battalion, Jammu & Kashmir
Pakistan Naval Ship Babur brushed with INS Godavari in June 2011 while escorting Egyptian ship MV Suez. This incident triggered a diplomatic row between India and Pakistan.[3]
INS Brahamaputra F 31 14 Apr 2000
The Brahmaputra frigates are the guided-missile frigates of the Indian Navy, designed and built in India. They have a displacement of 3850 tons and a length of 126 metres. Although of similar hull and dimension, internally, the Brahmaputra and Godavari classes have different configurations, armaments and capabilities. The ship-class has acquired its name owing to the 'River Bhramaputra'. Other ships of the class are also named after Indian Rivers.
INS Brahmaputra (F31) is the lead ship of her class of guided missile frigates of the Indian Navy. She was built at the Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers (GRSE), Kolkata.
The design and construction of the ship is entirely Indian, and is a modification of the Godavari class of frigates.[1] It is fitted with an array of modern sensor suites and matching weapon systems. INS Brahmaputra was commissioned on April 14, 2000 by Captain Pradeep 'Billoo' Chauhan, VSM.
Presently commanded by Captain Philipose G Pynumootil, with Commander Rajat Gulati, Executive Officer, this 3,600-tonne ship is 125 metres (410 ft) long and can reach speeds of up to 30 knots. She operates the Westland Sea King helicopter and the MATCH (Multi Role Anti Submarine Torpedo Carrying Helicopter) helicopter, which is an ASW variant of the Chetak helicopter. The Brahmaputra is the second ship of the Indian Navy named for the River Brahmaputra.[2] The first vessel of the name was a Type 41 Leopard class frigate that was commissioned in 1958. The symbol of the Brahmaputra is 'The Raging Rhino', for the one-horned rhino native to the Brahamaputra valley.
In July 2006, INS Brahmaputra under the command of Captain Kapil Gupta was a part of Task Force 54 on its return to India from theMediterranean, when it was turned back to assist in Operation Sukoon. The task force consisted of three warships and a fleet tanker which were returning from a goodwill visit and were just about to cross the Suez Canal. After the evacuation, the task force remained on station in international waters off Lebanon, monitoring the conflict and ensuring the safety of remaining Indian nationals in Lebanon. The vessels left for their home ports on 10 August 2006. [3] during the 2006 Israeli-Lebanese conflict.
During May–July 2009, INS Brahmaputra was a part of the Indian Navy task force on deployment to Europe. During this deployment, the task force participated in joint-exercises with the Royal Navy and the French Navy. Exercise Konkan-09 with the Royal Navy, was conducted off the coast of the United Kingdom.[4] Exercise Varuna 2009 with the French Navy was off the coast of France.[5]
INS Brahmaputra (F31) is the lead ship of her class of guided missile frigates of the Indian Navy. She was built at the Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers (GRSE), Kolkata.
The design and construction of the ship is entirely Indian, and is a modification of the Godavari class of frigates.[1] It is fitted with an array of modern sensor suites and matching weapon systems. INS Brahmaputra was commissioned on April 14, 2000 by Captain Pradeep 'Billoo' Chauhan, VSM.
Presently commanded by Captain Philipose G Pynumootil, with Commander Rajat Gulati, Executive Officer, this 3,600-tonne ship is 125 metres (410 ft) long and can reach speeds of up to 30 knots. She operates the Westland Sea King helicopter and the MATCH (Multi Role Anti Submarine Torpedo Carrying Helicopter) helicopter, which is an ASW variant of the Chetak helicopter. The Brahmaputra is the second ship of the Indian Navy named for the River Brahmaputra.[2] The first vessel of the name was a Type 41 Leopard class frigate that was commissioned in 1958. The symbol of the Brahmaputra is 'The Raging Rhino', for the one-horned rhino native to the Brahamaputra valley.
In July 2006, INS Brahmaputra under the command of Captain Kapil Gupta was a part of Task Force 54 on its return to India from theMediterranean, when it was turned back to assist in Operation Sukoon. The task force consisted of three warships and a fleet tanker which were returning from a goodwill visit and were just about to cross the Suez Canal. After the evacuation, the task force remained on station in international waters off Lebanon, monitoring the conflict and ensuring the safety of remaining Indian nationals in Lebanon. The vessels left for their home ports on 10 August 2006. [3] during the 2006 Israeli-Lebanese conflict.
During May–July 2009, INS Brahmaputra was a part of the Indian Navy task force on deployment to Europe. During this deployment, the task force participated in joint-exercises with the Royal Navy and the French Navy. Exercise Konkan-09 with the Royal Navy, was conducted off the coast of the United Kingdom.[4] Exercise Varuna 2009 with the French Navy was off the coast of France.[5]
INS Kulish F 63 20 Aug 2001
INS Kulish F 63 20 Aug 2001
INS Kulish (P63) is a Kora-class corvette, currently in active service with the Indian Navy. She was ordered in October 1994 and was laid in October 1995. She was launched in August 1997 and was commissioned on 20 August 2001.
Kulish is the third of the four Kora-class corvettes designed under Project25A. She is armed with the P-15 Termit anti-ship missiles and Strela-2 anti-air missiles.
Armament[edit]
INS Kulish is primarily designed as a surface combatant. It is armed with four quad launchers for sixteen Kh-35 Uran-E anti-ship missiles with a range of 130km. The anti-air defence is provided by two mobile shoulder based Strela-2 SAM systems. It is fitted with a Otobreda 76mm main gun while two AK-630 30mm guns act as CIWS. In addition, the ship carries one HAL Chetak orHAL Dhruv helicopter.[1]
Construction[edit]
The Naval Design Bureau under Project 25A designed the Kora-class corvettes. INS Kulish along with INS Karmuk were ordered in October 1994 by the Indian Navy. Her keel was laid in October 1995 and she was launched in August 1997[1] before being commissioned on 20 August 2001 by the then Governor of West Bengal, Viren J. Shah at Kolkata.[2]
During the commissioning ceremony, the Governor of West Bengal stressed the need for development of indigenous defence equipment.The Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief of the navy's Eastern Naval Command John C. DeSilva said "INS Kulish, suited for picket duties, would act as an effective sentinel in the Eastern Command in the Indian Maritime zone".[3]
Operational history[edit]
INS Kulish visited the Shanghai naval base in 2003 as part of a three-vessel fleet, for a five-day official visit. The fleet was commanded by flag officer Rear Admiral R. P. Suthan of India's Eastern Naval Command. It comprised a guided missile destroyerINS Ranjit, a fleet tanker INS Jyoti (A58) and Kulish. The fleet held airborne and surface search and rescue exercises with China'sEast Sea Fleet, which were code-named Dolphin 0311. Before the joint exercise, the Chinese and Indian ships also conducted maritime communication and formation manoeuvres. These were the first joint naval exercises between China and India. The fleet left Shanghai on 14 November 2003.[4][5][6]
In May 2010, the navy's Eastern Fleet deployed INS Kulish, along with guided-missile destroyers INS Rana and INS Ranjit and fleet tanker INS Jyoti from Port Blair to South East Asia, where the fleet undertook passage exercises with the navies of Indonesia, Singapore and Australia. The fleet sailed under the command of Flag Officer Commanding, Eastern Fleet, Rear Admiral P N Murugesan and made port calls at Jakarta (Indonesia), Hai Phong (Vietnam), Manila (Philippines), Muara (Brunei), Bangkok(Thailand), Fremantle (Australia), Singapore and Port Kelang (Malaysia). At Port Kelang, the fleet conducted anti-piracy exercises with the Malaysian Navy from 20 to 23 June, and left port on 23 June.[7][8][9][10][11]
INS Kulish participated in the Malabar 2012 exercise with the United States Navy along with destroyers INS Ranvir, INS Ranvijay, frigate INS Satpura and replenishment oiler INS Shakti. The other ships which participated in the exercise included Carrier Strike Group (CSG) 1 of the US Navy, comprising[12] USS Carl Vinson, embarked Carrier Air Wing (CVW) 17, Ticonderoga-classguided-missile cruiser USS Bunker Hill and Arleigh Burke-class guided-missile destroyer USS Halsey. Military Sealift Command's fast combat support ship USNS Bridge also provided support for the exercise.[13]
INS Kulish along with INS Rana participated in the Navy Day celebrations in December 2011 when it was commanded by Lieutenant Commander Rajneesh Dalal. Both the ships hosted more than 1,200 people who came to watch the programme in commemoration of Navy Day.[14] Kulish was part of the seven ships that took part in the programme in commemoration of Navy Day 2013. The other ships included Amphibious transport dock INS Jalashwa, guided missile destroyer INS Ranvijay, frigates INS Satpura, INS Shivalik and corvettes INS Khukri, INS Khanjar.[15]
Kulish was part of a seven-ship fleet which represented the Eastern Naval Command at Indian Navy's annual TROPEX exercise, which concluded on 1 March 2013. TROPEX 2013 was a month-long theatre level exercise which was conducted off India's west coast. The navy conducted manoeuvres, weapon firings and tactical evaluation.[16] The other ships in the flotilla were the destroyerINS Rana, amphibious dock INS Jalashwa, corvettes INS Karmuk and INS Sukanya and fleet tanker INS Jyoti, and it was led by INS Ranvijay under the command of Admiral Ajith Kumar P, Flag Officer Commanding Eastern Fleet. This flotilla made a port call at Kochi on 4 March 2013, on route to its forward deployment.[17][18]
Kulish is the third of the four Kora-class corvettes designed under Project25A. She is armed with the P-15 Termit anti-ship missiles and Strela-2 anti-air missiles.
Armament[edit]
INS Kulish is primarily designed as a surface combatant. It is armed with four quad launchers for sixteen Kh-35 Uran-E anti-ship missiles with a range of 130km. The anti-air defence is provided by two mobile shoulder based Strela-2 SAM systems. It is fitted with a Otobreda 76mm main gun while two AK-630 30mm guns act as CIWS. In addition, the ship carries one HAL Chetak orHAL Dhruv helicopter.[1]
Construction[edit]
The Naval Design Bureau under Project 25A designed the Kora-class corvettes. INS Kulish along with INS Karmuk were ordered in October 1994 by the Indian Navy. Her keel was laid in October 1995 and she was launched in August 1997[1] before being commissioned on 20 August 2001 by the then Governor of West Bengal, Viren J. Shah at Kolkata.[2]
During the commissioning ceremony, the Governor of West Bengal stressed the need for development of indigenous defence equipment.The Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief of the navy's Eastern Naval Command John C. DeSilva said "INS Kulish, suited for picket duties, would act as an effective sentinel in the Eastern Command in the Indian Maritime zone".[3]
Operational history[edit]
INS Kulish visited the Shanghai naval base in 2003 as part of a three-vessel fleet, for a five-day official visit. The fleet was commanded by flag officer Rear Admiral R. P. Suthan of India's Eastern Naval Command. It comprised a guided missile destroyerINS Ranjit, a fleet tanker INS Jyoti (A58) and Kulish. The fleet held airborne and surface search and rescue exercises with China'sEast Sea Fleet, which were code-named Dolphin 0311. Before the joint exercise, the Chinese and Indian ships also conducted maritime communication and formation manoeuvres. These were the first joint naval exercises between China and India. The fleet left Shanghai on 14 November 2003.[4][5][6]
In May 2010, the navy's Eastern Fleet deployed INS Kulish, along with guided-missile destroyers INS Rana and INS Ranjit and fleet tanker INS Jyoti from Port Blair to South East Asia, where the fleet undertook passage exercises with the navies of Indonesia, Singapore and Australia. The fleet sailed under the command of Flag Officer Commanding, Eastern Fleet, Rear Admiral P N Murugesan and made port calls at Jakarta (Indonesia), Hai Phong (Vietnam), Manila (Philippines), Muara (Brunei), Bangkok(Thailand), Fremantle (Australia), Singapore and Port Kelang (Malaysia). At Port Kelang, the fleet conducted anti-piracy exercises with the Malaysian Navy from 20 to 23 June, and left port on 23 June.[7][8][9][10][11]
INS Kulish participated in the Malabar 2012 exercise with the United States Navy along with destroyers INS Ranvir, INS Ranvijay, frigate INS Satpura and replenishment oiler INS Shakti. The other ships which participated in the exercise included Carrier Strike Group (CSG) 1 of the US Navy, comprising[12] USS Carl Vinson, embarked Carrier Air Wing (CVW) 17, Ticonderoga-classguided-missile cruiser USS Bunker Hill and Arleigh Burke-class guided-missile destroyer USS Halsey. Military Sealift Command's fast combat support ship USNS Bridge also provided support for the exercise.[13]
INS Kulish along with INS Rana participated in the Navy Day celebrations in December 2011 when it was commanded by Lieutenant Commander Rajneesh Dalal. Both the ships hosted more than 1,200 people who came to watch the programme in commemoration of Navy Day.[14] Kulish was part of the seven ships that took part in the programme in commemoration of Navy Day 2013. The other ships included Amphibious transport dock INS Jalashwa, guided missile destroyer INS Ranvijay, frigates INS Satpura, INS Shivalik and corvettes INS Khukri, INS Khanjar.[15]
Kulish was part of a seven-ship fleet which represented the Eastern Naval Command at Indian Navy's annual TROPEX exercise, which concluded on 1 March 2013. TROPEX 2013 was a month-long theatre level exercise which was conducted off India's west coast. The navy conducted manoeuvres, weapon firings and tactical evaluation.[16] The other ships in the flotilla were the destroyerINS Rana, amphibious dock INS Jalashwa, corvettes INS Karmuk and INS Sukanya and fleet tanker INS Jyoti, and it was led by INS Ranvijay under the command of Admiral Ajith Kumar P, Flag Officer Commanding Eastern Fleet. This flotilla made a port call at Kochi on 4 March 2013, on route to its forward deployment.[17][18]
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